{"id":698,"date":"2023-04-17T10:08:40","date_gmt":"2023-04-17T07:08:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/onko.cancerequality.eu\/?page_id=698"},"modified":"2023-08-15T12:16:44","modified_gmt":"2023-08-15T09:16:44","slug":"terminu-vardnica","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/onkoalianse.lv\/en\/noderigi-resursi\/terminu-vardnica\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary of terms"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":734,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-698","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"termini":[{"nosaukums":"Audz\u0113ji \u2013 labdab\u012bgi un \u013caundab\u012bgi","nosaukums_eng":"Tumors \u2013 benign and malignant","apraksts":"<p>Audz\u0113js ir jaunveidojums, kas rodas viet\u0113jas, pastiprin\u0101tas \u0161\u016bnu aug\u0161anas (vairo\u0161an\u0101s un dal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s) rezult\u0101t\u0101. Audz\u0113js var b\u016bt labdab\u012bgs (nav v\u0113zis) vai \u013caundab\u012bgs (v\u0113zis). Labdab\u012bgi audz\u0113ji att\u012bst\u0101s no norm\u0101l\u0101m vesel\u0101m \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, un parasti tie aug l\u0113ni \u2013 m\u0113ne\u0161iem vai pat gadiem. Labdab\u012bgi audz\u0113ji nekad neieaug blakus eso\u0161ajos audos, neveido metast\u0101zes \u2013 tiem ir izteiktas robe\u017eas, kas ir taust\u0101mas vai ieraug\u0101mas, veicot veidojuma ultrasonogr\u0101fiju, rentgena izmekl\u0113\u0161anu, datortomogr\u0101fiju vai magn\u0113tisk\u0101s rezonanses izmekl\u0113\u0161anu. \u013baundab\u012bgi audz\u0113ji (v\u0113zis) att\u012bst\u0101s no v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, un tie parasti aug \u0101tr\u0101k, tai skait\u0101 tie\u0161i ieaug blakus eso\u0161ajos audos. \u013baundab\u012bgo audz\u0113ju \u0161\u016bnas izplat\u012bt\u0101s pa limf\u0101tisko vai asinsrites sist\u0113mu, veido metast\u0101zes.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"V\u0113zis","nosaukums_eng":"Cancer","apraksts":"<p>V\u0113zi izraisa p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga patolo\u0123isko \u0161\u016bnu aug\u0161ana. \u0160\u012bs \u0161\u016bnas dal\u0101s un vairojas nekontrol\u0113t\u0101 veid\u0101 un var izplat\u012bties uz da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m \u0137erme\u0146a da\u013c\u0101m. V\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnas, no s\u0101kotn\u0113ji skart\u0101 org\u0101na non\u0101kot cit\u0101s \u0137erme\u0146a da\u013c\u0101s, boj\u0101 taj\u0101s veselos audus un veido metast\u0101zes. V\u0113\u017ea veidu nosaka tas, kur\u0101 org\u0101n\u0101 s\u0101kotn\u0113ji izveidoju\u0161\u0101s patolo\u0123isk\u0101s \u0161\u016bnas \u2013 j\u0101 v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnas s\u0101kotn\u0113ji izveidoju\u0161\u0101s kr\u016bt\u012bs, to sauc par kr\u016bts v\u0113zi pat tad, ja tas izplat\u012bjies uz cit\u0101m \u0137erme\u0146a da\u013c\u0101m \u2013 piem\u0113ram, kauliem vai akn\u0101m. Organisma \u0161\u016bnas var k\u013c\u016bt \u013caundab\u012bgas da\u017e\u0101du iemeslu, tostarp \u0123en\u0113tisk\u0101 mantojuma jeb iedzimt\u012bbas d\u0113\u013c, kancerog\u0113nu \u0137\u012bmisku vielu, ultraviolet\u0101 un joniz\u0113jo\u0161\u0101 starojuma, da\u017e\u0101du patog\u0113nu (piem\u0113ram, v\u012brusu) iedarb\u012bbas, k\u0101 ar\u012b citu faktoru rezult\u0101t\u0101, kas aizvien tiek v\u0113l p\u0113t\u012bti. V\u0113zis \u2013 t\u0101s ir vismaz 200 da\u017e\u0101das slim\u012bbas ar at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu etiolo\u0123iju, slim\u012bbas gaitu, reakciju uz terapiju un prognozi.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"V\u0113\u017ea stadija","nosaukums_eng":"Cancer stage","apraksts":"<p>Termins \u201cstadija\u201d attiecas uz v\u0113\u017ea apm\u0113ru \u2013 t\u0101 lielumu un izplat\u012bbu. Liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca v\u0113\u017eu ir sagrup\u0113ti \u010detr\u0101s stadij\u0101s: no I (pirm\u0101s) stadijas l\u012bdz IV (ceturtajai). stadijai. Da\u017eiem v\u0113\u017eiem ir ar\u012b 0 (nulles) stadija. Savuk\u0101rt citiem, piem\u0113ram, asins un smadze\u0146u v\u0113\u017eiem, ir at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bga stadiju klasifik\u0101cijas sist\u0113ma.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0 stadija noz\u012bm\u0113, ka ir da\u017eas patolo\u0123iskas v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnas, bet t\u0101s nav izplat\u012bju\u0161\u0101s. \u0160o stadiju sauc ar\u012b par <em>carcinoma in situ<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>I stadija noz\u012bm\u0113 v\u0113zi, kas ir mazs, nav izplat\u012bjies tuv\u0113jos audos un limfmezglos vai cit\u0101s \u0137erme\u0146a da\u013c\u0101s.<\/li>\n<li>II un III stadija raksturo audz\u0113jus, kas ir liel\u0101ki, apjom\u012bg\u0101k sk\u0101ru\u0161i apk\u0101rt\u0113jos audos un to izplat\u012bba var b\u016bt sasniegusi ar\u012b limfmezglus, bet ne citus org\u0101nu vai to sist\u0113mas.<\/li>\n<li>IV stadija attiecas uz v\u0113zi, kas izplat\u012bjies citos \u0137erme\u0146a org\u0101nos. \u0160o d\u0113v\u0113 par metast\u0101tisku v\u0113zi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Metast\u0101tisks v\u0113zis","nosaukums_eng":"Metastatic Cancer","apraksts":"<p>V\u0113zis var izplat\u012bties no vienas \u0137erme\u0146a da\u013cas uz otru. Procesu, kura ietvaros notiek v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnu izplat\u012bba, sauc par metast\u0101\u017eu veido\u0161anos. Kad v\u0113zis ir izplat\u012bjies uz att\u0101l\u0101k\u0101m \u0137erme\u0146a da\u013c\u0101m, to sauc par metast\u0101tisku v\u0113zi.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"V\u0113\u017ea (audz\u0113ju) mar\u0137ieri","nosaukums_eng":"Tumor Marker","apraksts":"<p>Vielas asin\u012bs vai ur\u012bn\u0101, kas var liecin\u0101t par viena vai otra v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnu esam\u012bbu organism\u0101. Audz\u0113ju mar\u0137ieri var pal\u012bdz\u0113t diagnostik\u0101, \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas pl\u0101no\u0161an\u0101 un terapijas rezult\u0101tu kontrol\u0113. L\u016bk, da\u017ei mar\u0137ieri, kas nor\u0101da uz konkr\u0113tu audz\u0113ju kl\u0101tb\u016btni organism\u0101: CA125 (oln\u012bcu v\u0113zis), CEA (resn\u0101s zarnas v\u0113zis). CA 19-9 (aizku\u0146\u0123a dziedzera v\u0113zis), PSA (prostatas specifiskais antig\u0113ns \u2013 prostatas v\u0113zis).<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Audz\u0113ja diferenci\u0101cijas pak\u0101pe","nosaukums_eng":"Tumor Grade","apraksts":"<p>Audz\u0113ja diferenci\u0101cijas pak\u0101pe ir skaitlis, ko \u0101rsti pie\u0161\u0137ir noteiktiem v\u0113\u017ea veidiem k\u0101 nor\u0101di, cik \u0101tri audz\u0113js var\u0113tu augt un izplat\u012bties. Audz\u0113ja diferenci\u0101cijas pak\u0101pi nosaka mikroskopiski izmekl\u0113jot audz\u0113ja \u0161\u016bnas un sal\u012bdzinot t\u0101s ar norm\u0101l\u0101m \u0161\u016bn\u0101m. Audz\u0113ja \u0161\u016bnas, kas visvair\u0101k l\u012bdzin\u0101s norm\u0101l\u0101m \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, ko sauc par \u201clabi diferenc\u0113t\u0101m\u201d un t\u0101m ir tendence augt l\u0113n\u0101k. Audz\u0113ja \u0161\u016bnas, kas izskat\u0101s patolo\u0123iskas, m\u0113dz augt \u0101tr\u0101k un tiek sauktas par \u201cnediferenc\u0113t\u0101m\u201d vai \u201cslikti diferenc\u0113t\u0101m\u201d.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Datortomogr\u0101fija","nosaukums_eng":"CT \u2013 computed tomography","apraksts":"<p>Datortomogr\u0101fij\u0101 ar rentgena staru pal\u012bdz\u012bbu no da\u017e\u0101diem le\u0146\u0137iem tiek izveidoti detaliz\u0113ti \u0137erme\u0146a zonu tr\u012bsdimensiju att\u0113li. Datortomogr\u0101fiju izmanto, lai vizualiz\u0113tu (diagnostic\u0113tu) k\u0101du novirzi, izveidotu \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas pl\u0101nu vai kontrol\u0113tu terapijas progresu. Da\u017ek\u0101rt tiek izmantota ar\u012b kontrastviela, kas tiek injic\u0113ta vai iedzerta peror\u0101li un kuras rezult\u0101t\u0101 tiek ieg\u016bts skaidr\u0101ks un prec\u012bz\u0101ks konkr\u0113tu \u0137erme\u0146a da\u013cu att\u0113ls. Datortomogr\u0101fiju iesp\u0113jams apvienot ar CT sken\u0113\u0161anu var apvienot ar pozitronu emisijas tomogr\u0101fiju (PET). Kop\u0101 CT un PET izmekl\u0113jumu rezult\u0101t\u0101 ieg\u016btie att\u0113li sniedz detaliz\u0113tu vizu\u0101lo inform\u0101ciju par konkr\u0113to org\u0101nu vai \u0137erme\u0146a da\u013cu un var tikt izmantoti prec\u012bzai diagnostikai un terapijas m\u0113r\u0137u noteik\u0161anai.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Magn\u0113tisk\u0101s rezonanses att\u0113lveide","nosaukums_eng":"MRI \u2013 Magnetic resonance imaging","apraksts":"<p>Magn\u0113tisk\u0101s rezonanses att\u0113lveide (MRI \u2013 magnetic resonance imaging) ir sken\u0113\u0161anas veids, kas izmanto radiovi\u013c\u0146us un sp\u0113c\u012bgu magn\u0113tisko lauku, lai ieg\u016btu detaliz\u0113tus org\u0101nu un audu att\u0113lus. MRI att\u0113li sp\u0113j par\u0101d\u012bt at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbu starp norm\u0101liem un slimiem audiem. MRI \u012bpa\u0161i noder\u012bga un neaizst\u0101jama ir smadze\u0146u, mugurkaula, loc\u012btavu m\u012bksto audu un kaulu att\u0113lveidei. L\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 datortomogr\u0101fij\u0101, ar\u012b magn\u0113tisk\u0101s rezonanses izmekl\u0113jumos nereti tiek izmantota kontrastviela (to injic\u0113 v\u0113n\u0101), lai ieg\u016btu atsevi\u0161\u0137u org\u0101nu vai \u0137erme\u0146a da\u013cu skaidr\u0101ku att\u0113lu.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Pozitronu emisijas tomogr\u0101fija","nosaukums_eng":"PET \u2013 Positron Emission Tomography","apraksts":"<p>V\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnas ne tikai dal\u0101s \u0101tr\u0101k nek\u0101 norm\u0101l\u0101s \u0161\u016bnas, bet, sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar t\u0101m, pat\u0113r\u0113 ar\u012b vair\u0101k cukura. PET izmekl\u0113juma rezult\u0101t\u0101 ir iesp\u0113jams ieg\u016bt att\u0113lu, kas par\u0101da, kur\u0101 organisma viet\u0101 \u0161\u016bnas pat\u0113r\u0113 cukuru visvair\u0101k un vis\u0101tr\u0101k (ir akt\u012bv\u0101k\u0101 vielmai\u0146a) \u2013 proti, \u0161\u012bs \u0137erme\u0146a zonas taj\u0101 par\u0101d\u0101s k\u0101 spilgti plankumi. \u0160\u0101dus att\u0113lus iesp\u0113jams ieg\u016bt, pateicoties radioakt\u012bvai cukuru saturo\u0161a vielai, kas tiek injic\u0113ta v\u0113n\u0101 pirms izmekl\u0113juma.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"\u0136irur\u0123ija","nosaukums_eng":"Surgery for Cancer","apraksts":"<p>\u0100rst\u0113jo\u0161\u0101 \u0137irur\u0123ija ir lokaliz\u0113ta audz\u0113ja izoper\u0113\u0161ana, kam var sekot citas \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas metodes, lai aizkav\u0113tu vai nov\u0113rstu slim\u012bbas recid\u012bvu jeb atjauno\u0161anos onkolo\u0123ij\u0101 ir sava veida \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas \u201czelta standarts\u201d. Agr\u012bni diagnostic\u0113tus audz\u0113jus iesp\u0113jams izoper\u0113t t\u0101, ka pacientam iest\u0101jas ilgsto\u0161a remisija vai slim\u012bba m\u016b\u017ea gait\u0101 vairs neatk\u0101rtojas. Palielinoties agr\u012bno stadiju \u012bpatsvaram v\u0113\u017ea pacientu kopum\u0101, sagaid\u0101ms, ka uzlabosies \u0137irur\u0123ijas ilgtermi\u0146a rezult\u0101ti un papildu terapija (\u0137\u012bmijterapija, m\u0113r\u0137terapija, staru terapija u.c.) neb\u016bs vajadz\u012bga. V\u0113\u017ea masu mazino\u0161\u0101 \u0137irur\u0123ija paredz da\u013c\u0113ju audz\u0113ja iz\u0146em\u0161anu, kad piln\u012bga t\u0101 izoper\u0113\u0161ana nav iesp\u0113jama. Metast\u0101\u017eu \u0137irur\u0123ija ir atsevi\u0161\u0137u metast\u0101\u017eu izoper\u0113\u0161ana, t\u0101 pagarinot dz\u012bvildzi un uzlabojot dz\u012bves kvalit\u0101ti. Paliat\u012bv\u0101 \u0137irur\u0123ija ir jebkura \u0137irur\u0123iska iejauk\u0161an\u0101s, kas mazina cie\u0161anas, uzlabo dz\u012bves kvalit\u0101ti ne\u0101rst\u0113jamiem pacientiem, bet tie\u0161\u0101 veid\u0101 ne\u0101rst\u0113 pa\u0161u slim\u012bbu vai ar\u012b to ietekm\u0113 minim\u0101li. T\u0101s m\u0113r\u0137is ir likvid\u0113t dz\u012bv\u012bbai b\u012bstamu st\u0101vokli (piem\u0113ram, zarnu vai citu dobo org\u0101nu nosprosto\u0161anos), ko nav iesp\u0113jams pan\u0101kt ar medikamentiem. Rekonstrukt\u012bv\u0101 \u0137irur\u0123ija \u013cauj vismaz da\u013c\u0113ji atg\u016bt org\u0101na vai audu sist\u0113mas iepriek\u0161\u0113jo st\u0101vokli. Piem\u0113ram, kr\u016bts rekonstrukcija p\u0113c mastektomijas (kr\u016bts no\u0146em\u0161anas oper\u0101cija), sejas rekonstrukcija, da\u017e\u0101du implantu ievieto\u0161ana.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Adjuvanta terapija","nosaukums_eng":"Adjuvant Therapy","apraksts":"<p>Adjuvanta terapija attiecas uz v\u0113\u017ea \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anu, ko veic p\u0113c galven\u0101s ieteicam\u0101s \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas. T\u0101s m\u0113r\u0137is ir palielin\u0101t visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti un samazin\u0101t v\u0113\u017ea recesijas jeb atk\u0101rto\u0161an\u0101s risku. Adjuvanta terapija var ietvert \u0137\u012bmijterapiju, staru terapiju, hormonu terapiju, m\u0113r\u0137terapiju un biolo\u0123isko z\u0101\u013cu terapiju.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Hormonu terapija","nosaukums_eng":"Hormone Therapy","apraksts":"<p>Hormoni ir \u0137erme\u0146a \u0137\u012bmiskie \u201cv\u0113stne\u0161i\u201d. Tie var stimul\u0113t noteiktu v\u0113\u017eu att\u012bst\u012bbu un aug\u0161anu. Hormonu terapija darbojas, ierobe\u017eojot konkr\u0113t\u0101 hormona \u2013 v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnu bar\u012bbas vielas \u2013 koncentr\u0101ciju. Tas notiek, blo\u0137\u0113jot hormonu ra\u017eo\u0161anu organism\u0101 vai blo\u0137\u0113jot hormonu receptorus uz v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bn\u0101m un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di liedzot v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bn\u0101m galveno bar\u012bbas vielu.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Im\u016bnterapija","nosaukums_eng":"Immunotherapy","apraksts":"<p>Im\u016bnterapija izmanto pa\u0161a organisma im\u016bnsist\u0113mu, lai atkl\u0101tu un izn\u012bcin\u0101tu v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnas. Im\u016bnterapijas veidi ir da\u017e\u0101di. Piem\u0113ram, monoklon\u0101l\u0101s antivielas jeb cilv\u0113ku rad\u012bti im\u016bn\u0101s sist\u0113mas prote\u012bnu (antivielu) l\u012bdzinieki, kuru uzdevums ir piesaist\u012bties noteiktam m\u0113r\u0137im jeb viel\u0101m, kas atrodas uz v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnas virsmas un pal\u012bdz\u0113t im\u016bnsist\u0113mai atpaz\u012bt un izn\u012bcin\u0101t v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnas. V\u0113l viena im\u016bnterapijas medikamentu grupa ir kontrolpunktu inhibitori (check-point inhibitors), kas &#8220;atbr\u012bvo&#8221; im\u016bnsist\u0113mas uzraugo\u0161o funkciju, \u013caujot atpaz\u012bt un uzbrukt v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bn\u0101m. Ir ar\u012b t\u0101di im\u016bnterapijas veidi, ko sauc par biolo\u0123isko terapiju jeb bioterapiju.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"\u0136\u012bmijterapija","nosaukums_eng":"Chemotherapy","apraksts":"<p>\u0136\u012bmijterapija ir medikamentoza \u0101rst\u0113\u0161ana, kuras m\u0113r\u0137is ir aptur\u0113t v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnu aug\u0161anu \u2013 vai nu izn\u012bcinot v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnas vai apturot to vairo\u0161anos. \u0136\u012bmijterapija ietekm\u0113 visas \u0161\u016bnas, kas organism\u0101 dal\u0101s, bet visliel\u0101k\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 tie\u0161i t\u0101s, kuras dal\u0101s vis\u0101tr\u0101k. \u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 to, ka patolo\u0123isk\u0101s jeb v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnas m\u0113dz dal\u012bties \u0101tr\u0101k nek\u0101 norm\u0101l\u0101s jeb vesel\u0101s \u0161\u016bnas, t\u0101s ar\u012b tiek izn\u012bcin\u0101tas \u0101tr\u0101k. Citas \u0137erme\u0146a \u0161\u016bnas, kas dal\u0101s \u0101tri, atrodas \u0137erme\u0146a apmatojum\u0101, mutes un v\u0113dera g\u013cot\u0101d\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b asin\u012bs. Tie\u0161i \u0161\u012b iemesla d\u0113\u013c da\u017eu veidu \u0137\u012bmijterapijas z\u0101\u013cu lieto\u0161ana cilv\u0113kiem liek zaud\u0113t matus, rada sliktu d\u016b\u0161u, \u010d\u016blas mut\u0113, k\u0101 ar\u012b pazemina asins r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jus.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"M\u0113r\u0137terapija","nosaukums_eng":"Targeted Therapy","apraksts":"<p>M\u0113r\u0137terapija iedarbojas uz v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnu specifisk\u0101m \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m, blo\u0137\u0113jot to aug\u0161anu un izplat\u012bbu. Jeb prec\u012bz\u0101k \u2013 tikai uz konkr\u0113tu m\u0113r\u0137i, piem\u0113ram, noteiktu mut\u0101ciju, to nom\u0101cot un \u201cnetrauc\u0113jot\u201d citas \u0161\u016bnas, kur\u0101m \u0161\u012bs mut\u0101cijas nav. \u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 m\u0113r\u0137terapijas ietekmi uz v\u0113\u017ea \u0161\u016bnu specifiskaj\u0101m \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m, tai vairum\u0101 gad\u012bjumu ir maz\u0101k izteiktas blaknes nek\u0101 klasisk\u0101s \u0137\u012bmijterapijas gad\u012bjum\u0101, kas iedarbojas uz jebkuru \u0161\u016bnu \u013coti akt\u012bv\u0101 dal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s f\u0101z\u0113, neat\u0161\u0137irot vesel\u0101s no v\u0113\u017ea skartaj\u0101m.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Neoadjuvanta terapija","nosaukums_eng":"Neoadjuvant Therapy","apraksts":"<p>Neoadjuvanta terapija ir \u0101rst\u0113\u0161ana, kas veikta pirms ieteicam\u0101s galven\u0101s terapijas. T\u0101s m\u0113r\u0137is ir samazin\u0101t v\u0113\u017ea izm\u0113ru vai apjomu, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di sekm\u0113jot galven\u0101s \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Simptom\u0101tisk\u0101 terapija","nosaukums_eng":"Symptomatic treatment","apraksts":"<p>Simptom\u0101tisk\u0101s (t\u0101pat k\u0101 paliat\u012bv\u0101s) terapijas m\u0113r\u0137is ir uzlabot pacienta dz\u012bves kvalit\u0101ti, atvieglojot v\u0113\u017ea rad\u012btos simptomus. T\u0101 sev\u012b ietver prets\u0101pju terapiju, pacienta \u012bpa\u0161u baro\u0161anu (caur zondi vai intravenozu pieeju), v\u0113dera dobuma un pleiras telpas punkciju \u0161\u0137idruma uzkr\u0101\u0161an\u0101s gad\u012bjum\u0101, sk\u0101bek\u013ca inhal\u0101cijas, intravenozas sist\u0113mas visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101 st\u0101vok\u013ca uzlabo\u0161anai utt. Simptom\u0101tisku terapiju nodro\u0161ina paliat\u012bv\u0101s apr\u016bpes speci\u0101lists.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Staru terapija","nosaukums_eng":"Radiation Therapy","apraksts":"<p>Staru terapija (radi\u0101cijas onkolo\u0123ija) ir viena no trim pamata \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas metod\u0113m onkolo\u0123ij\u0101 (kop\u0101 ar \u0137irur\u0123iju un \u0137\u012bmijterapiju), kur\u0101 tiek izmantots joniz\u0113jo\u0161ais starojums. Staru terapij\u0101 tiek izmantota gan \u0101r\u0113j\u0101 apstaro\u0161ana (distances staru terapija, gan kontakta staru terapiju (brahiterapija). Staru terapija var tikt pielietota gan k\u0101 vien\u012bg\u0101 \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas metode agr\u012bno stadiju v\u0113\u017ea gad\u012bjumos, gan k\u0101 kombin\u0113tas \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas sast\u0101vda\u013ca v\u0113l\u012bn\u0101k\u0101s stadij\u0101s. Staru terapija parasti tiek veikta kursa vai kursu veid\u0101, kas sast\u0101v no noteikt\u0101 laika period\u0101 \u012bstenotu konkr\u0113ta skaita proced\u016bru.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Paliat\u012bv\u0101 apr\u016bpe","nosaukums_eng":"Palliative Care","apraksts":"<p>Paliat\u012bv\u0101 apr\u016bpe ir visaptvero\u0161a pacientu, kuru piln\u012bga iz\u0101rst\u0113\u0161ana nav iesp\u0113jama, apr\u016bpe \u2013 s\u0101pju, soci\u0101lo, psiholo\u0123isko un gar\u012bgo probl\u0113mu apzin\u0101\u0161ana un kontrole. T\u0101 var b\u016bt nepiecie\u0161ama da\u017e\u0101du slim\u012bbu gad\u012bjum\u0101 un t\u0101s galvenais m\u0113r\u0137is ir sekm\u0113t optim\u0101lu dz\u012bves kvalit\u0101ti, atvieglojot fizisk\u0101s, emocion\u0101l\u0101s un gar\u012bg\u0101s cie\u0161anas. Viens no b\u016btisk\u0101kajiem faktoriem ir pacienta un tuvinieku, atbalsta personu emocion\u0101l\u0101 pa\u0161saj\u016bta, t\u0101p\u0113c paliat\u012bvaj\u0101 apr\u016bp\u0113 tai piev\u0113rsta \u012bpa\u0161a noz\u012bme.<\/p>\n"},{"nosaukums":"Kl\u012bniskais p\u0113t\u012bjums","nosaukums_eng":"Clinical trial","apraksts":"<p>Kl\u012bniskais p\u0113t\u012bjums ir zin\u0101tnisks p\u0113t\u012bjums, ko izmanto, lai p\u0101rbaud\u012btu jaunas medic\u012bnisk\u0101s pieejas slim\u012bbu atkl\u0101\u0161an\u0101, profilaks\u0113, diagnostik\u0101 un \u0101rst\u0113\u0161an\u0101. Kl\u012bniskajos p\u0113t\u012bjumos p\u0113tnieki izzina, vai \u0161\u012bs jaun\u0101s metodes ir dro\u0161as un darbojas lab\u0101k par jau eso\u0161aj\u0101m. Kl\u012bniskajos p\u0113t\u012bjumos p\u0113t\u012bt\u0101s \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas metodes var b\u016bt jaunas z\u0101les vai jaunas jau re\u0123istr\u0113tu z\u0101\u013cu kombin\u0101cijas, jaunas \u0137irur\u0123isk\u0101s proced\u016bras vai ier\u012bces, k\u0101 ar\u012b eso\u0161o \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas meto\u017eu jauni izmantojuma veidi.<\/p>\n<p>Kl\u012bniskie p\u0113t\u012bjumi notiek vair\u0101kos posmos \u2013 f\u0101z\u0113s:<\/p>\n<p>I f\u0101zes laik\u0101 p\u0113tnieki pirmo reizi test\u0113 jaunas z\u0101les vai \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas algoritmus neliel\u0101 cilv\u0113ku grup\u0101, nov\u0113rt\u0113jot to dro\u0161\u012bbu, nosakot devu dro\u0161\u012bbas diapazonu, identific\u0113 blakuspar\u0101d\u012bbas;<\/p>\n<p>II f\u0101zes ietvaros p\u0113tnieki p\u0101rbauda, vai \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anai ir k\u0101di rezult\u0101ti, piem\u0113ram, audz\u0113ja aug\u0161anas pal\u0113nin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s, k\u0101 ar\u012b ieg\u016bst papildu inform\u0101ciju par dev\u0101m un blakuspar\u0101d\u012bb\u0101m;<\/p>\n<p>III f\u0101z\u0113 p\u0113t\u012bjuma dal\u012bbnieku skaits tiek papla\u0161in\u0101ts, iek\u013caujot vair\u0101k dal\u012bbnieku un sal\u012bdzinot jauno \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anu ar standarta terapiju;<\/p>\n<p>IV f\u0101zes kl\u012bniskie p\u0113t\u012bjumi tiek veikti p\u0113c jauno medikamentu vai tehnolo\u0123iju re\u0123istr\u0101cijas, lai ieg\u016btu padzi\u013cin\u0101tu inform\u0101ciju par blakuspar\u0101d\u012bb\u0101m un uzzin\u0101tu vair\u0101k par optim\u0101lu jaun\u0101s terapijas izmanto\u0161anu.<\/p>\n<p>Katr\u0101 kl\u012bniskaj\u0101 p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 dal\u012bbnieki tiek rekrut\u0113ti saska\u0146\u0101 ar t\u0101 dizainu un atbilsto\u0161i noteiktiem krit\u0113rijiem. Ikviens kl\u012bniskais p\u0113t\u012bjums tiek apstiprin\u0101ts katras valsts atbilsto\u0161aj\u0101 instanc\u0113, garant\u0113jot t\u0101 atbilst\u012bbu medic\u012bnas \u0113tikas principiem un pacientu interes\u0113m.<\/p>\n"}],"paslept_virsrakstu":false,"atsauces_nosaukums":"Atsauces","atsauces":[{"nosaukums":"Cancer.net","saite":"https:\/\/www.cancer.net\/navigating-cancer-care\/cancer-basics\/cancer-terms"},{"nosaukums":"Cancer.ucsf.edu","saite":"https:\/\/cancer.ucsf.edu\/frequently-used-cancer-terms-definitions.pdf"}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.12 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Glossary of terms - Onkoalianse<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/onkoalianse.lv\/en\/noderigi-resursi\/terminu-vardnica\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Glossary of terms - 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